The early maturity of high-redshift galaxies: Insights from sSFR, M/L, and SFHs at z ∼ 7─14

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed an unexpected excess of UV-bright galaxies at z > 10, unaccounted for by extrapolations from pre-JWST observations and theoretical models. Understanding the physical properties and star formation histories (SFHs) of high-redshift systems is key to distinguishing between the different proposed scenarios and assessing their implications for the galaxy formation and evolution picture. We identified and analysed a sample of 2420 robust candidates at z {\ensuremath{\sim}} 7 {\ensuremath{-}} 14 drawn from the ASTRODEEP-JWST dataset over {\ensuremath{\sim}}0.2 deg$^{2}$, and modelled their properties with non-parametric SFHs to derive the specific star formation rate (sSFR) and stellar population properties. We find that the median sSFR and M/L remain roughly constant across the probed redshift range. We show that this result is robust against potential systematics unless a hidden population of dust- enshrouded starbursts, undetectable in the current data, exists at these redshifts. In any case, the absence of observed high- sSFR systems at the highest redshifts suggests that any dust- free starburst phase must be short-lived. The observed sSFR evolution is in tension with most (though not all) theoretical models, making it a key quantity for discriminating among competing scenarios. The sample shows a wide range of physical conditions and galaxy classes, including systems with low sSFRs and high mass-to-light ratios (M/L) up to z {\ensuremath{\sim}} 10, indicative of already-evolved galaxies only a few hundred megayears after the Big Bang, and different degrees of dust attenuation. We finally reconstructed the assembly histories of two sub-samples, namely the highest-M/L galaxies at z {\ensuremath{\sim}} 7 {\ensuremath{-}} 8, which appear to have formed the bulk of their stars at least 500 Myr before observation, implying progenitors observable as UV-bright sources at z > 20, and the full sample of z > 11 galaxies, which formed through stochastic SFHs, remaining UV-faint for most of their early evolution, before undergoing recent ({\ensuremath{\sim}}50 Myr old) episodes of major growth.